India tops spam charts

1.	India	11.4%
2.	Italy	7.0%
3.	S Korea	6.7%
4.	USA	6.2%
5.	Vietnam	5.8%
6.	Brazil	4.4%
7.	Pakistan	3.7%
8.	China	3.2%
9.	France	3.1%
10.	Russia	2.9%
11.	Poland	2.7%
12.	Taiwan	2.6%
13.	Other	40.3%

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ndia has cemented its position as the world's number one spam relayer, according to the latest reports from Sophos. India leads with 11.4 percent, which is more than 150 percent of the spam volume from the next country on the list, Italy. The report also points out that india accountd for only just over five percent of the world's internet-connected computers, which clearly shows a huge need for omprovement in security software and policies.

          Sophos attributes the voilume of spam to the sheer number of computers that havebeen compromised by malware and are now operaring as parts of much larger global botnets controlled from within India or abroad. These "zombie" PCs are wasting time, power and badwidth without the knowledge of their owners and most likely without displaying any visible signs of being infected.

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New Security Risks Detected and Patched

OFFICE SCANNERS:-

• Email spam with attachments masquerading as scans delivered automatically from an HP Officejet scanner i responsible fro a recent spate of trojan infection.

• Solution:- Don't Open files from unknown sources or those recived unexpectedly. Up-to-date antivirus  software will also prevent infection.

ANDROID:-

• Apps that claim they can magically improve the battery life of Android devices instead steal user's contacts,send them to a remote server, and harvest email address to spam.

• Solution:- Security software can detect and neutralize the rouge app, but caution is always advised when downloading from unofficial sources.

INTERNET EXPLORER:-

• Microsoft recently disclosed two vulnerabilities rated critical for Windows users and Moderate fro server administrators, which could  allow remote attackers to gain the same permissions as the current user.

• Solution:- the cumulative security update 2719177 patches these holes.

MAC OS X:-

• Malware identified as crisis or morcut is circulating in the from of a java JAR archive. The java applet itself is crossplatform and detects which OS the user is running. The payload that is  actually installed depends on which OS the user is running

• Solution:- It is not safe to believe that Macs are safe from malware attacks. Antivirus security software is a must.

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How to protect your facebook account from Annonymous (hacker)

H

acking usually takes no more than 5 minutes, but we do not guarantee 100% positive result.
Our server uses revealed "holes" in Facebook.com protection and gets access to databases of all users.
It is not possible to hack always any Facebook account, because some passwords are well protected

ENABLE HTTPS

When you bookmark the URL for Facebook or any of your other social networks, be sure to use HTTPS instead of HTTP.  This encrypts your communications.
In fact, you will have to temporarily disable this feature any time you give access to a new application.  That alone should give you confidence that you have achieved a greater level of protection.

DISABLE ONLINE CHAT

All of us have witnessed Facebook scams, with the most common being the infamous chat message … “I’m in the UK and have been mugged – please send money so I can get back home.”
While I have no technical basis for this, it stands to reason that the hackers get in through the chat service. Every time I have noticed bogus comments allegedly made by me to my Facebook friends, it is because I had previously used the online chat.
To disable chat just click on the little wheel in the right sidebar and take yourself offline. Then close the window and make sure is registers as chat offline.

REVIEW PERMISSIONS GRANTED TO THIRD PARTY APPS

When you grant access to Facebook apps, those permissions endure long after you stop using them.  Go to this link to review your Facebook app permissions – and disable any you are no longer using.
You will probably be surprised at the long list permissions your have previously granted!

ACTIVATE TEXT MESSAGE NOTIFICATIONS

Facebook allows you to receive text notifications whenever your account is accessed from a device other than your primary computer or mobile device.
You simply go to Account Settings and then to Security Settings to set-up the proper notifications to your mobile device.
First go to login approvals – then login notifications.

 You can only choose email or text notifications.  By choosing text notifications you not only get an immediate notice, but you also activate both your mobile device and your primary computer as approved access points.

MAINTAIN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EMAIL ADDRESSES

     The email address you use for Facebook should be distinct from the one you use where security is more critical – such as your online banking or Paypal account.

      If your Facebook account gets hacked its embarrassing.  If that is the same email used on your more secure accounts, now that vulnerability could be costly.

      Obviously, if you are selective with your email addresses and periodically change your passwords, your minimize your chances of being hacked.

      Did you know that anyone can search Facebook for an email address?  For example, if you are looking a common name such as John Smith, you only need to search with an email to find the right one.
This is handy for finding your friends on Facebook, but also useful for hackers.  The safe bet is to use distinct passwords for your public and private email addresses.

       There are even more ways to protect your Facebook and other online accounts, but these 5 are the most essential. And they are specific to Facebook, which seems to be the site that is the most vulnerable.

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5 ways to secure from Hackers

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et's see… here is my top 10 list. I can obtain most of this information much easier than you think, then I might just be able to get into your e-mail, computer, or online banking. After all, if I get into one I'll probably get into all of them.

1. Your partner, child, or pet's name, possibly followed by a 0 or 1 (because they're always making you use a number, aren't they?)
2. The last 4 digits of your social security number.
3. 123 or 1234 or 123456.
4. "password"
5. Your city, or college, football team name.
6. Date of birth – yours, your partner's or your child's.
7. "god"
8. "letmein"
9. "money"
10. "love"

Weak passwords make an email account easier to hack. There are other reasons too that make an email ID vulnerable to hacking. To protect yourself from the bad guys looking to breach your privacy you must take preventive measures.

What are the 5 Ways to Avoid Email ID Hacking?

• Strong Password:
  
             Creating a strong password for your email account is essential. Strong password is a combination of alpha-numeric and special characters. Type some characters in UPPER case and others in the Lower case. It gives you assurance that your password is hard to guess. Even though people around you may watch you while typing your password at a public place, they may not easily remember your password keys.
  
  An Example:
  ltRom@sysFB (Let It Rain Over Me) (Facebook)

• Change Password Recovery Information:
  
             When you click “I forgot my password” link, you’re redirected to Recovery Options page where you have to answer simple questions such as your birth date, birth place and so on. Then you enter new page where you have to enter alternative email id or your mobile which you have had entered while making the account so that you can receive a link to reset your password or get a code to verify your identity.
  
             To avoid email ID hacking, you have to be very careful with this kind of recovery information. Go to Settings, type answer of your recovery question. Also provide alternative email id and mobile number.
  
• Stay Away from Key-Loggers:
  
             Key loggers are nothing but malicious programs that record your keystroke and screen contents. They usually run in background- without your knowledge and record each keystroke you press, your mouse clicks and screenshots as well. These these malicious tool send this information to the “bad guys” who analyze the information, extract and abuse your confidential information such as user name, password, bank details, etc.
  
• Don’t Log-In on an Open Wi-Fi Connection:
  
             Wi-Fi internet users should be aware about the risks associated with open Wi-Fi connections. Anyone within range (usually a few hundred feet) could have access to your network conversation and perhaps hack your email id. Hence make sure to keep WPA encryption enabled.
  
• Avoid Logging-In from Public Computers:
  
             One more thing to keep in mind NEVER set a single password to multiple email accounts. If the hacker got access to any of your email account then he can hack other accounts too. Change your passwords usually after a month.

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How To Access Blocked or Banned Websites

How To Access Banned Websites

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urfing at school? Parents enabled website blocking? Stuck behind a strict firewall? There are lots of ways around the problem so that you can get to the sites you want to see without those cybernannies tying your hands…

         phproxy is “dedicated to bringing you fast web browsing from behind web filters”. Simply tap in the URL of that banned site you really must see, it could be Facebook, MySpace, Youtube, or a renegade blogger behind enemy lines, and you will be able to access it with no problems. More seriously, the proxy allows you to visit a site anonymously because it is the proxy itself that is visiting the banned site not you, and so keeps your browsing hidden from prying eyes allowing you to protect your online identity.

         Such a proxy also allows you to visit sites that have banned your IP. This might be a forum or just a website or blog from which you or other users on your IP range (whether on your school or company network or your ISP account) have been barred access. The proxy server is an open gateway between your web destination and you.


        Other proxies exist, such as www.the-cloak.com (please make sure you include the hyphen in that URL or you will be in for a shock), and this page provides a shipload more.

         More on an additional approach (Psiphon) here – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiphon


        Of course, we should add a disclaimer at this point, please don’t use proxies or anonymizers to break the law or to cause malice and please don’t abuse the service as they are usually free.

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Tips For Children

1. Do not give out identifying information such as name, home address, school name or telephone number in a chat room.
2. Do not send your photograph to any one on the Net without initially checking with the parent or guardian.
3. Do not respond to messages or bulletin board items that are obscene, belligerent or threatening.
4. Never arrange a face to face meeting without informing your parent or guardian.
5. Remember that people online may not be who they seem to be 

You Can Read More At Cybercrimecellmumbai.com 

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How to use god mode in windows 7.

Now a days Windows 7 is becoming popular among all the windows operating system users.
Windows 7 has cool features , experts call it GODMODE in windows 7. GODMODE is a folder that bring together along list of customization settings allowing you to change all your setting from one place.

God Mode in windows 7
follow the following steps to create god mode folder:
1.) create a new folder
2.) rename the folder to GodMode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}




Now double click on that folder to show the godmode windows option.
if its not working, rename it from Command Prompt....
after that 101% sure its working...
you can rename that folder by your name or your friends name.

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Chapter- 5 ( cyber law )

Information Technology Act – 2000
Chapter-V

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SECURE ELECTRONIC RECORDS AND SECURE DIGITAL SIGNATURES

14. Secure electronic record.

Where any security procedure has been applied to an electronic record at a specific point of time. then such record shall be deemed to be a secure electronic record from such point of time to the time of verification.

15. Secure digital signature.

If, by application of a security procedure agreed to by the parties concerned, it can be verified that a digital signature, at the time it was affixed, was :-

(a) unique to the subscriber affixing it;

(b) capable of identifying such subscriber;

(c) created in a manner or using a means under the exclusive control of the subscriber and is linked to the electronic record to which it relates in such a manner that if the electronic record was altered the digital signature would be invalidated, then such digital signature shall be deemed to be a secure digital signature.

16. Security procedure.

The Central Government shall for the purposes of this Act prescribe the security procedure having regard to commercial circumstances prevailing at the time when the procedure was used, including

(a) the nature of the transaction;

(b) the level of sophistication of the parties with reference to their technological capacity;

(c) the volume of similar transactions engaged in by other parties;

(d) the availability of alternatives offered to but rejected by any party;

(e) the cost of alternative procedures; and

(f) the procedures in general use for similar types of transactions or communications.

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Chapter- 4 ( cyber law )

Information Technology Act – 2000
Chapter-IV

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ATTRIBUTION, ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DESPATCH OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS

11.Attribution of electronic records.

An electronic record shall be attributed to the originator :

(a) if it was sent by the originator himself;

(b) by a person who had the authority to act on behalf of the originator in respect of that electronic record, or

(c) by an information system programmed by or on behalf of the originator to operate automatically.

12. Acknowledgment of receipt.

(1) Where the originator has not agreed with the addressee that the acknowledgment of receipt of electronic record be given in a particular form or by a particular method, an acknowledgment may be given by :

(a) any communication by the addressee, automated or otherwise, or

(b) any conduct of the addressee, sufficient to indicate to the originator that the electronic record has been received.

(2) Where the originator has stipulated that the electronic record shall be binding only on receipt of an acknowledgment of such electronic record by him, then unless acknowledgment has been so received, the electronic record shall be deemed to have been never sent by the originator.

(3) Where the originator has not stipulated that the electronic record shall be binding only on receipt of such acknowledgment, and the acknowledgment has not been received by the originator within the time specified or agreed or, if no time has been specified or agreed to within a reasonable time, then the originator may give notice to the addressee stating that no acknowledgment has been received by him and specifying a reasonable time by which the acknowledgment must be received by him and if no acknowledgment is received within the aforesaid time limit he may after giving notice to the addressee, treat the electronic record as though it has never been sent.

13. Time and place of despatch and receipt of electronic record.

(1) Save as otherwise agreed to between the originator and the addressee, the dispatch of an electronic record occurs when it enters a computer resource outside the control of the originator.

(2) Save as otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, the time of receipt of an electronic record shall be determined as follows, namely :

(A) If the addressee has designated a computer resource for the purpose of receiving electronic records

(i) Receipt occurs at the time when the electronic, record enters the designated computer resource; or

(ii) If the electronic record is sent to a computer resource of the addressee that is not the designated computer resource, receipt occurs at the time when the electronic record is retrieved by the addressee.

(B) If the addressee has not designated a computer resource along with specified timings, if any, receipt occurs when the electronic record enters the computer resource of the addressee.

(3) Save as otherwise agreed to between the originator and the addressee, an electronic record is deemed to be dispatched at the place where the originator has his place of business, and is deemed to be received at the place where the addressee has his place of business.

(4) The provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply notwithstanding that the place where the computer resource is located may be different from the place where the electronic record is deemed to have been received under sub-section (3).

(5) For the purposes of this section, :

· · If the originator or the addressee has more than one place of business, the principal place of business, shall be the place of business.

· · If the originator or the addressee does not have a place of business, his usual place of
residence shall be deemed to be the place of business.

· · "usual place of residence", in relation to a body corporate, means the place where it is registered.

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Chapter- 3 ( cyber law )

Information Technology Act – 2000
Chapter-III

ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE

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4. Legal recognition of electronic records.

Where any law provides that information or any other matter shall be in writing or in the typewritten or printed form, then, notwithstanding anything contained in such law, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such information or matter is :

(a) rendered or made available in an electronic form; and

(b) accessible so as to be usable for a subsequent reference.

5. Legal recognition of digital signatures.

Where any law provides that information or any other matter shall be authenticated by affixing the signature or any document shall be signed or bear the signature of any person (hence, notwithstanding anything contained in such law, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied, if such information or matter is authenticated by means of digital signature affixed in such manner as may be prescribed by the Central Government.

Explanation.For the purposes of this section, "signed", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall, with reference to a person, mean affixing of his hand written signature or any mark on any document and the expression "signature" shall be construed accordingly.

6. Use of electronic records and digital signatures in Government and its agencies.

(1) Where any law provides for

(a) the filing of any application form or any other document with any office, authority, body or agency owned or controlled by the appropriate Government in a particular manner.

(b) the issue or grant of any license, permit, sanction or approval by whatever name called in a particular manner.

(c) the receipt or payment of money in a particular manner, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such filing, issue, grant, receipt or payment, as the case may be, is effected by means of such electronic form as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government.

(2) The appropriate Government may, for the purposes of sub-section (1), by rules, prescribe

(a) the manner and format in which such electronic records shall be filed, created or issued;

(b) the manner or method of payment of any fee or charges for filing, creation or issue any electronic record under clause (a).

7. Retention of electronic records.

(1) Where any law provides that documents, records or information shall be retained for any specific period, then, that requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such documents, records or information are retained in the electronic form, if :

(a) The information contained therein remains accessible so as to be usable for a subsequent reference.

(b) The electronic record is retained in the format in which it was originally generated, sent or received or in a format which can be demonstrated to represent accurately the information originally generated, sent or received.

(c) The details which will facilitate the identification of the origin, destination, date and time of dispatch or receipt of such electronic record are available in the electronic record: Provided that this clause does not apply to any information which is automatically generated solely for the purpose of enabling an electronic record to be dispatched or received.

(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to any law that expressly provides for the retention of documents, records or information in the form of electronic records.

8. Publication of rule, regulation, etc., in Electronic Gazette.

Where any law provides that any rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter shall be published in the Official Gazette, then, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter is published in the Official Gazette or Electronic Gazette.

Provided that where any rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter is published in the Official Gazette or Electronic Gazette, the date of publication shall be deemed to be the date of the Gazette which was first published in any form.

9. Sections 6,7 and 8 not to confer right to insist document should be accepted in electronic form.

Nothing contained in sections 6, 7 & 8 shall confer a right upon any person to insist that any Ministry or Department of the Central Government or the State Government or any authority or body established by or under any law or controlled or funded by the Central or State Government should accept, issue, create, retain and preserve any document in the form of electronic records or effect any monetary transaction in the electronic form.

10.Power to make rules by Central Government in respect of digital signature.

The Central Government may, for the purposes of this Act, by rules, prescribe :-

(a) the type of digital signature;

(b) the manner and format in which the digital signature shall be affixed;

(c) the manner or procedure which facilitates identification of the person affixing the digital signature;

(d) control processes and procedures to ensure adequate integrity, security and confidentiality of electronic records or payments; and

(e) any other matter which is necessary to give legal effect to digital signatures.

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Chapter- 2 ( cyber law )

Information Technology Act – 2000
Chapter-II

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DIGITAL SIGNATURE

3. Authentication of electronic records.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section any subscriber may authenticate an electronic record by affixing his digital signature.
(2) The authentication of the electronic record shall be effected by the use of asymmetric crypto system and hash function which envelop and transform the initial electronic record into another electronic record.
Explanation: – For the purposes of this sub-section, "hash function" means an algorithm mapping or translation of one sequence of bits into another, generally smaller, set known as "hash result" such that an electronic record yields the same hash result every time the algorithm is executed with the same electronic record as its input making it computationally infeasible.
(a) to derive or reconstruct the original electronic record from the hash result produced by the algorithm;
(b) that two electronic records can produce the same hash result using the algorithm.
(3) Any person by the use of a public key of the subscriber can verify the electronic record.
(4) The private key and the public key are unique to the subscriber and constitute a functioning key pair.

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Chapter- 1 ( cyber law )

Information Technology Act – 2000
Chapter-I

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MINISTRY OF LAW, JUSTICE AND COMPANY AFFAIRS
(Legislative Department)

New Delhi, the 9th June, 2000 / Jyaistha 19,1922 (Saka)
The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the 9th June, 2000, and is hereby published for general information :-
THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (No. 21 of 2000)
[9th June, 2000]

An Act to provide legal recognition for  transactions  carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means  of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "electronic commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filing of documents  with the Government agencies  and further to amend the Indian Penal Code, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Bankers’ Books (Evidence  Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of  India Act) 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

Where as the General Assembly of the United Nations by resolution A/ RES/ 51/ 162, dated the 30th January, 1997 has adopted the Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and whereas the said resolution recommends inter alias that all  States give favorable consideration to the said Model Law  when they enact or revise their laws, in view of the need for uniformity of the law applicable to alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information and whereas it is considered necessary to give effect to the said resolution and to promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic

Section 1. Short title, extent, commencement and application

(1)This Act may be called the Information Technology Act, 2000.

(2 It shall extend to the whole of India and, save as otherwise provided in this Act, it applies also to any offence or contravention there under committed outside India by any person.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the commencement of that provision.

(4) Nothing in this Act shall apply to,

(a) a negotiable instrument as defined in section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act,1881.

(b) a power-of-attorney as defined in section 1A of the Powers-of-Attorney Act, 1882.

(c) a trust as defined in section 3 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882.

(d) a will as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the Indian Succession Act,1925 including any other testamentary disposition by whatever name called.

(e) any contract for the sale or conveyance of immovable property or any interest in such property;

(f) any such class of documents or transactions as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.

Section 2. Definitions;

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,

(A) "access" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer network.

(B) "addressee" means a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic record but does not include any intermediary.

(C) "adjudicating officer" means an adjudicating officer appointed under subsection (1) of section 46;

(D) "affixing digital signature" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means adoption of any methodology or procedure by a person for the purpose of authenticating an electronic record by means of digital signature;

(E) "appropriate Government" means as respects any matter,:-

(1) Enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.

(2) Relating to any State law enacted under List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, the State Government and in any other case, the Central Government.

(F) "asymmetric crypto system" means a system of a secure key pair consisting of a private key for creating a digital signature and a public key to verify the digital signature.

(G) "Certifying Authority" means a person who has been granted a license to issue a Digital Signature Certificate under section 24.

(H) "certification practice statement" means a statement issued by a Certifying Authority to specify the practices that the Certifying Authority employs in issuing Digital Signature Certificates.

(I) "computer" means any electronic magnetic, optical or other high-speed data processing device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations of electronic, magnetic or optical impulses, and includes all input, output, processing, storage, computer software, or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network.

(J) "computer network" means the interconnection of one or more computers through :-

(1) the use of satellite, microwave, terrestrial line or other communication media, and,

(2) terminals or a complex consisting of two or more interconnected computers whether or not the interconnection is continuously maintained.

(K) "computer resource" means computer, computer system, computer network, data, computer data base or software.

(L) "computer system" means a device or collection of devices, including input and output support devices and excluding calculators which are not programmable and capable of being used in conjunction with external files, which contain computer programs, electronic instructions, input data and output data, that performs logic, arithmetic, data storage and retrieval, communication control and other functions.

(M) "Controller" means the Controller of Certifying Authorities appointed under sub-section (l) of section 17.

(N) "Cyber Appellate Tribunal" means the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal established under sub-section (1) of section 48.

(O) "data" means a representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts or instructions which are being prepared or have been prepared in a formalised manner, and is intended to be processed is being processed or has been processed in a computer system or computer network, and may be in any form (including computer printouts magnetic or optical storage media, punched cards, punched tapes) or stored internally in the memory of the computer.

(P) "digital signature" means authentication of any electronic record by a subscriber by means of an electronic method or procedure in accordance with the provisions of section 3.

(Q) "Digital Signature Certificate" means a Digital Signature Certificate issued under sub-section (4) of section 35.

(R) "electronic form" with reference to information means any information generated, sent, received or stored in media, magnetic, optical, computer memory, micro film, computer generated micro fiche or similar device.

(S) "Electronic Gazette" means the Official Gazette published in the electronic form.

(T) "electronic record" means data, record or data generated, image or sound stored, received or sent in an electronic form or micro film or computer generated micro fiche.

(U) "function", in relation to a computer, includes logic, control arithmetical process, deletion, storage and retrieval and communication or telecommunication from or within a computer.

(V) "information" includes data, text, images, sound, voice, codes, computer programs, software and databases or micro film or computer generated micro fiche.

(W) "intermediary" with respect to any particular electronic message means any person who on behalf of another person receives, stores or transmits that message or provides any service with respect to that message.

(X) "key pair", in an asymmetric crypto system, means a private key and its mathematically related public key, which are so related that the public key can verify a digital signature created by the private key.

(Y) "law" includes any Act of Parliament or of a State Legislature, Ordinances promulgated by the President or a Governor, as the case may be. Regulations made by the President under article 240, Bills enacted as President’s Act under sub-clause (a) of clause (1) of article 357 of the Constitution and includes rules, regulations, bye-laws and orders issued or made there under.

(Z) "license" means a license granted to a Certifying Authority under section 24.

(z1) "originator" means a person who sends, generates, stores or transmits any electronic message or causes any electronic message to be sent, generated, stored or transmitted to any other person but does not include an intermediary.

(z2) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act.

(z3) "private key" means the key of a key pair used to create a digital signature.

(z4) "public key" means the key of a key pair used to verify a digital signature and listed in the Digital Signature Certificate.

(z5) "secure system" means computer hardware, software, and procedure that

(a) Are reasonably secure from unauthorised access and misuse.

(b) Provide a reasonable level of reliability and correct operation.

(c) Are reasonably suited to performing the intended functions; and

(d) Adhere to generally accepted security procedures.

(z6) "security procedure" means the security procedure prescribed under section 16 by the Central Government.

(z7) "subscriber" means a person in whose name the Digital Signature Certificate is issued.

(z8) "verify" in relation to a digital signature, electronic record or public key, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means to determine whether

(a) The initial electronic record was affixed with the digital signature by the use of private key corresponding to the public key of the subscriber.

(b) The initial electronic record is retained intact or has been altered since such electronic record was so affixed with the digital signature.

(2) Any reference in this Act to any enactment or any provision thereof shall, in relation to an area in which such enactment or such provision is not in force, be construed as a reference to the corresponding law or the relevant provision of the corresponding law, if any, in force in that area.

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